History

The Growth of Qui Tam Litigation in Healthcare

The surge in qui tam litigation — lawsuits brought by private individuals on behalf of the government — represents one of the most important shifts in healthcare law. We’ve witnessed how these cases have reshaped accountability, returning billions to taxpayers while empowering insiders to act against fraud. Before the 1986 amendments to the False Claims […]

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Evolution of Retaliation Protections for Employees

At Barrett Johnston, we regularly advise whistleblowers on navigating one of the biggest risks to reporting fraud: retaliation. The evolution of retaliation protections in U.S. law tells the story of how society gradually learned to value — and legally defend — those who speak out. Early federal protections were minimal. It wasn’t until the Civil

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Expansion of Anti-Kickback Statute Enforcement

The Anti-Kickback Statute (AKS) has long been a cornerstone of healthcare fraud prevention — but it wasn’t always enforced with the rigor we see today. The expansion of the AKS over time reflects a growing national commitment to ethical healthcare practices. Originally enacted in 1972, the AKS made it illegal to knowingly offer or receive

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Notable Supreme Court Rulings on FCA Interpretation

We often remind clients that the False Claims Act (FCA) — though written during the Civil War — is continually shaped by modern court decisions. Over the decades, several U.S. Supreme Court rulings have refined how the FCA is interpreted, influencing everything from what counts as a “false claim” to how whistleblowers can recover damages.

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Doctor holding a binder labeled "Medicare Fraud."

Medicare and Medicaid Fraud Enforcement History

At Barrett Johnston, we’ve seen firsthand how the federal government’s approach to Medicare and Medicaid fraud has evolved from modest oversight to one of the most sophisticated enforcement systems in the world—albeit a system that is still limited in its ability to stop fraud, waste, and abuse. Understanding that history helps explain why today’s whistleblowers

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Judge’s gavel next to paper labeled ‘Whistleblower Protection.'

Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989

Strong whistleblower protections are the backbone of meaningful fraud enforcement. The Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989 (WPA) stands as one of the most important milestones in this evolution—especially for federal employees who witness wrongdoing from within. Before the WPA, government workers who reported fraud, abuse, or waste were often left exposed to retaliation. The 1989

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